Результаты (
английский) 2:
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Feudal land tenure based on the exploitation of dependent class peasants. An increasing number of free congregation fell into dependence on the feudal lords, constantly replenishing various categories of exploited class: dependent Smerds, Ryadychi, purchases, Rogue, Holopa and others. Feudal authorities over dependent people steadily intensified. The main form of exploitation of dependent people during the old Russian state, especially in XI-XII centuries., was a natural or product annuity. In addition, many dependent population was forced to work on the field feudal lord, that was widespread and Vidbitkova rent. Increased oppression caused protest by the rural and urban exploited population. Anti feudal struggle poured out in different forms: escaping from feudal lords, the destruction of their estates, murder of individual feudal lords and representatives of the administration, as well as mass popular uprising in Kiev in 1068 and 1113 p., as well as in Rostov-Suzdal and Novgorod Lands in 1071 creation of feudal estates, increased cities, economic and political strengthening of individual land-principalities, enrichment of local landowners in the dominion of natural economy caused the fragmentation of the single old RUS State.<br>If in Vladimir (978-1015) Old Rus reached its highest prosperity, by Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) still kept its power, then after him it gradually weakened and fragmented into little or no related Principality. Signs of political fragmentation of Kievan Rus were noticeable already after the death of Yaroslav in 1054 yet during his lifetime, he divided his state between his sons. Senior, Izyaslav – Novgorod, Turov; Svyatoslav-Chernigov, Ryazan, Murom; Vsevolod-Pereyaslav, Rostov, Suzdal, Beloozero; Ihor — Volodymyr-Volynskyi and Vyacheslav — Smolensk. First senior Yaroslavychi-Izyaslav, Svyatoslav and Vsevolod-lived in harmony, but soon began strife and internecine strife. It used the new terrible enemies of Russia-nomads, who made the first big attack on the Ruthenian land, and Polish and Hungarian kings. In the 30-ies of XI century. Hungarian feudal lords captured the southern part of the Transcarpathian Rus, and in the XII century.-All its territory. Before the threat of the Polovtsian princes are trying to somehow settle the case with peace and to stop the intestine wars, which convened princely Congresses. The first of such conventions was the Congress of 1097 in Liubech. There has been recognized a principle whereby each prince must possess his fief, that is, the land allocated to him by the father,
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