Traditionally, a company's new idea

Traditionally, a company's new ideas and products come from its research and development (R&D)
department. The initial idea for a car will be turned into a series of prototypes and tested. In software development, the final 'prototype' is the betaversion, which is beta-tested. Pharmaceuticals go through a series of trials.
Different industries have different lead-times, the time between conception and product launch; a new drug might take 10 or 15 years to develop. In consumer goods, market research will be a key part of the development process, with focus groups: small groups representing cross-sections of consumers talking about their reactions to proposed designs, and wider consumer surveys. Consumer products are test-marketed ortrialled, and feedback gathered.
Innovative products that are entirely new are bought by a small group of pioneers, often technically savvy enthusiasts. The other groups successively to take up a successful innovation are the early adopters, the early majority, the late majorityand, bringing up the rear, the laggards. (For example, mobile phone uptakeis now so great in advanced economies that the people buying one now for the first time are the laggards.)
How to develop innovation and creativity in large, bureaucratic companies? Company leaders talk
about corporate venturing and intrapreneurship, where employees are encouraged to develop
entrepreneurial activities within the organisation. Companies may set up skunkworks, often a small group of people outside the usual structures, to work on innovations: development of the PC at IBM is the most famous example. The article about Procter and Gamble in the unit of the Course Book discusses another approach to fostering innovation in large organisations. Another problem that organisations have to overcome is the not-invented-here syndrome, where managers not initially involved in an innovation may resist its development.
Entirely new innovations are perhaps more easily developed by entrepreneurs in start-up companies, but here the problem is finance: how to get the venture capital to develop the product, manufacture it on an industrial scaleand market it. See the Business brief for Unit 5, Money on page 41.

Результаты (английский) 2:

Traditionally, a company's products and new ideas come from its research and development (R & D)
department. The initial idea for a car will be turned into a series of prototypes and tested. In software development, the final 'prototype ' is the betaversion, which is beta-tested. Pharmaceuticals go through a series of trials.
Different industries have different lead-times, the time between conception and product launch; a new drug might take 10 or 15 years to develop. In consumer goods, market research will be a key part of the development process, with focus groups: small groups representing cross-sections of consumers talking about their reactions to proposed designs, and wider consumer surveys. Consumer products are test-marketed ortrialled, and feedback gathered.
Innovative products that are entirely new are bought by a small group of pioneers, often technically savvy enthusiasts. The other groups successively to take up a successful innovation are the early adopters, the early majority, the late majorityand, bringing up the rear, the laggards. (For example, mobile uptakeis Company phone now so great in advanced economies that the people now buying one for the first time are the laggards.)
The How to develop creativity and innovation in large, bureaucratic companies? Leaders talk Company About enterprise |
about corporate venturing and intrapreneurship, where employees are encouraged to develop
entrepreneurial activities within the organisation. Companies may set up skunkworks, often a small group of people outside the usual structures, to work on innovations: development of the PC at IBM is the most famous example. The article about Procter and Gamble in the unit of the Course Book discusses another approach to fostering innovation in large organisations. Another problem that organisations have to overcome is the not-invented-here syndrome, where managers not initially involved in an innovation may resist its development.
Entirely new innovations are perhaps more easily developed by entrepreneurs in start-up companies, but here the problem is finance: how to get the venture capital to develop the product, manufacture it on an industrial scaleand market it. See the Business brief for Unit 5, Money on page 41.

Результаты (английский) 3:

Traditionally,%20a%20company%27s%20new%20ideas%20and%20products%20released%20from%20its%20research%20and%20development%20(R%E2%8A%99D)%5Edepartment.% 20The%20initial%20idea%20for%20a%20car%20will%20be%20turned%20into%20a%20series%20of%20prototypes%20and%20tested.% 20In%20software%20development,%20the%20final%20%27prototype%27%20is%20the%20betaversion,%20which%20is%20beta-tested.% 20Pharmaceuticals%20go%20through%20a%20series%20of%20trials.% 5EDifferent%20industries%20have%20different%20lead-times,%20the%20time%20between%20conception%20and%20product%20launch;%20a%20new%20drug%20might%20take%2010%20or%2015%20years%20to%20develop.% 20In%20consumer%20goods,%20market%20research%20will%20be%20a%20key%20part%20of%20the%20development%20process,%20sitcom%20focus%20groups:%20small%20groups%20representing%20cross-sections%20of%20-s consumers%20talking%20about%20their%20reactions%20to%20proposed%20designs,%20and%20wider%20consumer%20surveys Ltd..% 20Consumer%20products%20are%20test-marketed%20ortrialled,%20and%20feedback%20gathered.% 5EInnovative%20products%20that%20are%20entirely%20new%20are%20bought%20by%20a%20small%20group%20of%20pioneers,%20often%20technically%20savvy%20enthusiasts.% 20The%20other%20groups%20successively%20to%20take%20up%20a%20successful%20innovation%20are%20the%20early%20adopters,%20the%20early%20majority,%20the%20late%20majorityand,%20bringing%20up%20the%20switchable output,%20the%20laggards.%20(For%20example,%20mobile%20phone%20uptakeis%20now%20velyke%20great%20in%20advanced%20date%20that%20the%20peopleв%20buying%20one%20now%20for%20the%20first%20time%20are%20the%20laggards)%5EHow%20to%20develop%20innovation%20and%20creativity%20in%20large,%20bureaucratic%20companies?%20Company%20underscore%20talk%5Eabout%20corporate%20venturing%20and%20intrapreneurship,%20where%20employees%20are%20encouraged%20to%20develop%5Eentrepreneurial%20activities%20modes include%20the%20organisation.% 20Companies%20may%20set%20up%20skunkworks,%20often%20a%20small%20group%20of%20peopleв%20outside%20the%20usual%20structures,%20to%20work%20on%20'innovations:%20development%20of%20the%20PC%20at%20IBM%20is%20the%20administers%20famous%20example.% 20The%20article%20about%20Procter%20and%20Gamble%20in%20the%20unit%20of%20the%20Course%20Book%20discusses%20another%20approach%20to%20fostering%20innovation%20in%20large%20organisations.% 20Another%20if you lose%20that%20organisations%20have%20to%20overcome%20is%20the%20not-invented-here%20syndrome,%20where%20European Union%20not%20initially%20involved%20in%20an%20innovation%20may%20resist%20its%20development.%5EEntirely%20new%20'innovations%20are%20perhaps%20more%20easily%20website conditions%20by%20entrepreneurs%20in%20start-ups%20companies,%20advertisers%20here%20the%20if you lose%20is%20finance:%20how%20to%20get%20the%20venture%20capital%20to%20develop%20the%20product,%20manufactu%20it%20on%20an%20industrial%20scaleand%20market%20it.%20See%20the%20Business%20lgi%20for%20Unit%, 205%20Money%20on%20page%2041.