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Optical signal broadband due to extremely high load frequency. This means that the optic line can transmit information at a rate of about 1 terabit/s. In other words, one fiber you can transfer simultaneous 10 million phone calls and a million video signals. Data transfer speeds can be increased by transferring information in two directions at once, as light waves can spread in one fiber independently. In addition, the optical fiber can spread light signals of two different polarizations, which allows doubling the throughput of an optical communication channel. <br>To date, the limit on the density of information transmitted by an optical fibre is not achieved. And this means that so far, with such strong workload of our Internet, it is not found so much information, which at simultaneous transfer would lead to a decrease in the speed of the transmitted data stream. Very small (compared with other environments) attenuation of the light signal in the fiber. In other words, the loss of the signal through resistance material conductor. The best samples of Ukrainian fibers have such a small attenuation, which allows to build communication lines up to 100 km without regeneration of signals. In the optical laboratories of the United States are developing even more "Transparent ", the so-called fluorocarbon fibers. Laboratory researches have shown, that on the basis of such fibers there can be created lines of communication with the regeneration plots through 4600 km with the speed of transfer order 1 Gbit/S.<br>In order to convey the light over long distances it is necessary to maintain its power. Reduce losses in its transmission can be firstly providing quite optically transparent distribution environment, thereby minimizing absorption wave, and secondly to ensure the correct trajectory of movement of the Promenu. <br>The first task is currently being solved by using high-tech materials such as pure quartz glass. The second task is solved with the help of the law of Optics described above.<br>Due to the effect of full reflection of light, it is possible to force a beam "walk around" inside a limited closed environment, making a path from the source of the signal to its receiver. However, this requires two environments with different densities. Most often used in their quality quartz glass of different densities. Wave allowed in a denser environment, limited less dense.<br>Environments are pulled into the so-called optical fiber, which is the core of a denser glass, in terms of representing circumference and often called lightguide. This core is coated with a shell of less dense glass, which is reached by which the signal is transported will be fully displayed. To prevent mechanical damage construction is also provided with a protective sheath, called a primary coating.<br>To achieve a signal addressee, must be inserted into the core rays at an angle to the lateral surface is not less critical. In this case, the effect of full reflection is realized, and theoretically the beam never leaves the core except through the end of fiber. However, in practice, there is a certain percentage of refracted rays. This is due firstly with the complexity of the implementation of such a light source, and secondly with the inability to manufacture perfectly smooth fibers, and thirdly of the non-ideal optical cable installation.<br>The fiber is made of quartz, which is the basis of dioxide silicon, widespread, but because the inexpensive material, in contrast to copper, hence the relatively high price and almost no cases of theft for the purpose of putting up for scrap.
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